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Municipal wastewater is relatively predictable. Every community has its variations, but the basic composition of residential waste stays fairly consistent, and treatment systems are designed

In Part 1 of this series, we broke down why most struggling lagoons do not actually have a sludge problem. They have a mixing problem.

Walk into a wastewater facility that is struggling and the complaints tend to sound the same. The lagoon smells. Sludge levels are climbing. Dissolved oxygen

When municipalities evaluate inflow and infiltration in wastewater systems, the focus often falls on buried assets such as pipes, joints, laterals, and groundwater intrusion. Those

For many municipalities, manhole structures reflect decades of incremental fixes layered onto aging systems. Frames sit on stacked grade rings, chimney sections are built up

For decades, cast iron has been the default material for manholes, largely because it was familiar and widely accepted. But in practice, that familiarity has